Chat language

Chat language Chat Language Chat Language is a recent concept which is characterized by overwhelming acceptance. Chat language can be justly described as the result of the worldwide impact of Internet and Cosmopolitan culture. Chat Language refers to the whole range of abbreviations and smileys which have become an integral part of the process of chatting. Usefulness of Chat Language The usefulness of chat language is well illustrated by the overwhelming acceptance of the language. In fact, chat language is one of the most commonly used medium of communication amongst the youngsters. Chat Language is most prevalently used by the people living in big cities where the impact of Internet is more profound. Chat Language has simplified and speeded up the process of transmitting messages. You can make use of this short and sweet chat language to aptly communicate your thoughts and feelings to your dear ones. In fact, a smiley also enhances the look of the messages, thereby, expressing your feelings properly. Chat Language proves to be less time consuming. Knowledge of Chat Language In order to make use of the chat language efficiently, you need to learn the short forms and smileys properly. In order to expand the scope of your knowledge about Chat Language, you can make use of the handy and easily understandable Chat Dictionary. A Chat Dictionary provides with an entire list of abbreviations that are used in chat and are easy to remember. In chat language, the spelling of a normal word is shortened. For example, AFK stands for Away From Keyboard while FYI means For Your Information. Below is a list of some of the most commonly used short forms and smileys: ASAP As Soon As Possible BBL Be Back Later FWIW For What Its Worth GTSY Glad To See You IC =Â » I See IRL =Â » In Real Life LY =Â » Love Ya TNT =Â » Till Next Time o:-) =Â » Angelic >:-( =Â » Angry |-I =Â » Asleep : =Â » Crying :-) =Â » Crying with Joy :-( =Â » Crying Sadly :-9 =Â » Delicious, Yummy

Agent Banking for Bangladesh

| | VOL 20 NO 157 REGD NO DA 1589 | Dhaka, Thursday, March 28 2013| http://www. fe-bd. com/index. php? ref=MjBfMDNfMjhfMTNfMV85Ml8xNjQ1NzA= | Bangladesh Bank mulls agent banking for financial inclusionM S Siddiqui Agent banking is a financial service offered to customers by a third party on behalf of a financial institution (FI). An agent is an entity that is engaged by an FI to provide specific financial services on its behalf using the agent's premises.It is an additional delivery channel that can enhance the convenience, the outreach of quality and affordable financial services, particularly to the underserved, in a more cost-efficient manner. Such an arrangement is a cheaper way for FIs to reach out to the underserved population. The use of the term ‘agent' is not necessarily a reference to an agent in the traditional legal sense of a party authorised by a principal to act on the principal's behalf and for whom the principal is liable with respect to activities taken by the agent within the scope of its agency relationship or contract.An agent is any third party acting on behalf of a bank, whether pursuant to an agency agreement, service agreement, or other similar arrangement. In most countries, the principal banker is liable under a law for the actions of its agents, whether such actions are explicitly or implicitly authorised. Liability for the actions of a non-agent entity acting on behalf of the bank may be different and will often depend on the contractual agreement.However, a bank's liability (whether by law or contract) for third-party actors will likely impact the bank's policies and procedures, which will in turn impact the superviser's oversight of the bank. The Bangladesh Bank has many recent projects for inclusive financial packages to reach out to non-bankable citizens. Achieving financial inclusion therefore requires innovative business models that dramatically reduce costs for everyone and thus pave the way for profitable extension of financial services to the poor citizens. A major obstacle to financial inclusion is he cost-not only the cost incurred by banks in servicing low value accounts and extending banking infrastructure to underserved, low-income areas, but also the cost incurred by poor customers, in terms of time and expense in reaching bank branches. The banking agent method emphasises greater efforts towards achieving the vision of an inclusive financial system that best serves all members of society, including the underserved, to have access and usage of quality and affordable essential financial services. FIs can reach an additional client segment or a geographical area.Reaching poor clients in rural areas is often prohibitively expensive for financial institutions, since transaction numbers and volumes do not cover the cost of a branch. In such environments banking agents use their existing retail infrastructure. Lower set-up and running cost can play a vital role in offering many low income people their first time access to a range of financial services. Also, low income clients often feel more comfortable banking at their local store than walking into a marble branch. The clients benefit from the agents' banks with lower transaction cost and service, but closer to the client's home.Bankable persons visit stores anyway for groceries all the day, enjoy services with a smaller crowd than in branches. Globally, retailers and post offices are increasingly utilised as important distribution channels for financial institutions. The points of service range from post offices in the outback of Australia where clients from all banks can conduct their transactions, to rural France where the bank Credit Agricole uses corner stores to provide financial services, to small lottery outlets in Brazil at which clients can receive their social payments and access their bank accounts.It has been used very well in Latin America and Asia. There are few African countries that have taken up agency banking. Cheaper to operate: It has been found in research that agent banking systems are up to three times cheaper to operate than branches for two reasons. First, agent banking minimises fixed costs by leveraging existing retail outlets and reducing the need for financial agent banks to invest in their own infrastructure. Second, acquisition costs are lower for bank-enabled agents and bank wallets.The advancement in information and communication technology (ICT) has brought with it the tremendous innovation in the banking industry. Currently, agent banking is an integral part of modern banking in many countries. Banks in Bangladesh are offering services for transfer of money from overseas to any remote area of the country. The payment of different utility bills through mobile bank outlets is very common. The agent banking will provide much more services to the clients.Whether a client accesses his bank account at the agent's outlet or in a branch or at an ATM does not make any dif ference. Technology can enable banks and their customers to interact remotely in a trusted way through the existing local retail outlets. Customers can be issued bank cards with appropriate personal identification number (PIN)-based or biometric security features and the local store-the banking agent can be equipped with a point of service (POS) device controlled by and connected to the bank using a phone line or wireless or satellite technology.Infrastructure requirements can be further reduced by using mobile phones both to hold â€Å"virtual cards† for customers and as a POS device at the store. Responsibilities of agents: The agents have many responsibilities. Such responsibilities include – * apply diligence in validating a customer's identity and transactions to avoid entering into fraudulent transactions or dealing with fraudsters; * maintain a transaction record book, being evidence of every transaction undertaken in the specified format or in such a manner as required by the bank.The transaction record book should be the property of the bank and be returned to the bank by the agent upon termination of the contract or when it is fully completed before issuance of a new transaction record book; * comply with the bank's Know Your Customer (KYC) and Anti-money Laundering/Combating Financing of Terrorism (AML/CFT) requirements and/or laws or other regulations in force; * keep details of customers or customer transactions confidential; * maintain their connectivity with the internet in order to gain access to the web agent portal; provide sufficient cash for the location offering cash load and payout services; * comply with the central bank regulations, where the online web portal is in use; * display merchandising materials provided at their location; * ensure employees are trained by the bank on agency operations. Banks also have to ensure that agents, as extensions of the banking system, are able to provide professional customer service, ke ep records, handle cash, and manage liquidity. As a result, one of the primary questions regulators grapple with is who can act as an agent.BB's initiatives: The ongoing global expansion of high-tech telecommunications infrastructure, coupled with the increased availability of advanced information technology services, is having an impact on almost every industry, including banking. The Bangladesh Bank (BB) plans allowing agent banking to gear up further its drive for financial inclusion aiming to help the government achieve sustainable economic growth. The BB has already laid the necessary foundation for agent banking by introducing mobile banking that has already got a good response, especially from rural people.Currently, eight banks are providing mobile banking services involving the country's major mobile phone operators. Many countries permit a wide range of individuals and legal entities to be agents for banks. Other countries limit the list of eligible agents on the basis of a legal form. For example, India permits a wide variety of eligible agents, such as certain nonprofits, post offices, some shop owners, retired teachers and most recently, profit companies including mobile network operators (MNOs).Explicitly excluded, however, are the largest microfinance institutions (MFIs) registered as non-bank finance companies (NBFCs). Kenya takes a different approach, requiring agents to be for-profit actors and disallowing non-profit entities (like non-governmental organisations (NGOs), educational institutions, and faith-based organisations). In another example, Brazil permits any legal entity to act as an agent, but prevents individuals from doing so. The issue of liability: There is the delicate issue of liability of any mistake or misappropriation.Imposing liability on banks for acts of their agents is often the key factor in giving bankers the comfort needed to permit the use of agents. There is a point of imposing liability on banks for agents' non-comp liance with bankers' requirements. Imposing liability on banks for acts of their agents is often the key factor in giving banks the comfort needed to permit the use of agents. The bank liability for agents' noncompliance forces the agents to ensure professional agent behaviour and agents' compliance with agreed norms and rules issued by central bank.All countries that permit bank agents also impose bank liability for these agents. Brazil, a country with perhaps the most widespread use of banking agents, requires banks to be â€Å"fully responsible for services rendered by its agents. † Similarly, India requires that â€Å"all agreements/contracts with the customer shall clearly specify that the bank is responsible to the customers for the agents' acts of omission and commission. Interestingly, Pakistan imposes bank liability but states that the bank may â€Å"take steps it deems necessary to safeguard itself against liabilities arising out of the actions of its agents?. Thi s clause suggests that banks should enter into indemnification agreements with their agents-a protection that could steer banks toward large and well-capitalised agents capable of indemnifying the bank while forgoing agent relationships with smaller retailers who may nevertheless be better positioned to serve the low-income population segments. However, despite the widespread imposition of liability for agents' acts, financial inclusion goals would benefit from limiting the provider liability to those actions or omissions related to the provision of financial services.A failure to do so potentially increases costs of the financial services provider who may have to pay damages for agents' actions unrelated to the purpose of the agency. These costs could have a market chilling effect, negatively impacting not only on the emergence of viable business models but also the ease and speed by which such models reach a certain scale. Some countries more clearly limit the extent of liability to the financial services provided. For example, Kenya's banking agent guidelines impose liability on banks for agents' actions, even if not authorised in the agency contract.The service charge of an agent is a matter of concern. Nearly all countries prohibit the agent from charging customers directly for agent services, and some countries even restrict how much a bank can charge customers for agent transactions. Such well meaning regulations, aimed at protecting customers from excessive fees, can endanger the spread of branchless banking models, if they leave participants unable to make an acceptable return in light of the unique challenges and costs of reaching the poor.According to the BB plan, the agent could be an employee of bank who would offer people banking services including deposit and withdrawal of cash, transfer of fund, bill payment and the receipt of remittance, salary and government benefits. We would wait with interest for the BB rules on bank agency, particularly t he list of eligible agents, the liability of errors and omission of agents. The writer is pursuing PhD at Open University, Malaysia [email  protected] com| | |

Public Health Campaign Essay - 1047 Words

For decades, numerous research have concluded that the incidence rate of breast cancer is lower in African-American women when compared to that of Caucasian women. However, in recent years, there has been an upsurge in incidence rate of breast cancer in African-American women. In states such as Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana and Tennessee, African-American women record higher incidence rates than Caucasian women (Breast Cancer Rates Rising among African-American Women, 2015). Nonetheless, even though African-American had a prior lower incidence rate, they experience very high mortality and morbidity rate as well as lower survival rate. One of the contributing factor to this disparity is the mere fact that many a times, the diagnosis of†¦show more content†¦The involvement of the target audience will allow for the probing of obstacles to regular screening exams as well as the social norms that prevents them from accessing healthcare services. Breast cancer is a grave epidemi c in the African-American community and therefore with the involvement of the target audience, their opinions and recommendations will be sought to help design the proposed campaign program that will lessen the burden of late diagnosis and increase chances of survival. It is very common for people to respond more positively towards members of their culture, ethnicity or race. This public health campaign will focus predominantly on educating and raising awareness of the importance of regular screening procedures. Therefore, the campaign plans on training some members of the target audience so they can educate members of their community. As members of the African-American community the target audience are aware of those cultural barriers that are faced between community members and healthcare professionals. 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The solution to obesity is not banning junk food from schools, plant diets or long hours of physical education. But to take responsibility and knowledge of a proper alimentation. Health is a personal choice, but it has become everybody’sRead MoreThe Shortcomings Of The Vertical Health Care Program1227 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor Robert McNeill BIO9034 June 4, 2016 The Inadequacies of the Vertical Health Care Program Considering all the health concerns that public health physicians must be cognizant of, why does a vertical public health program seem so attractive and interesting? A vertical public health program directs most of its expertise and resources from health organizations and concentrates it on a single health issue, typically eliminating a particular disease. The usual strengths of vertical

Anabolic Steroids Essay - 2897 Words

Anabolic Steroids Of the diagnostic methods available to veterinarians, the clinical chemistry test has developed into a valuable aid for localizing pathologic conditions. This test is actually a collection of specially selected individual tests. With just a small amount of whole blood or serum, many body systems can be analyzed. Some of the more common screenings give information about the function of the kidneys, liver, and pancreas and about muscle and bone disease. There are many blood chemistry tests available to doctors. This paper covers the some of the more common tests. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is an end-product of protein metabolism. Like most of the other molecules in the body, amino acids are constantly renewed. In the†¦show more content†¦Elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) can occur in diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, hyperpituitarism, anoxia (because of the instability of liver glycogen in oxygen deficiency), certain physiologic conditions (exposure to cold, digestion) and pancreatic necrosis (because the pancreas produces insulin which controls blood glucose levels). Diabetes mellitus is caused by a deficiency in the secretion or action of insulin. During periods of low blood glucose, glucagon stimulates the breakdown of liver glycogen and inhibits glucose breakdown by glycolysis in the liver and stimulates glucose synthesis by gluconeogenesis. This increases blood glucose. When glucose enters the bloodstream from the intestine after a carbohydrate-rich meal, the resulting increase in blood glucose causes increased insulin secretion and decreased glucagon secretion. Insulin stimulates glucose uptake by muscle tissue where glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate. Insulin also activates glycogen synthase so that much of the glucose-6-phosphate is converted to glycogen. It also stimulates the storage of excess fuels as fat (Lehninger, 1993). With insufficient insulin, glucose is not used by the tissues and accumulates in the blood. The accumulated glucose then spills into the urine. Additional amounts of water are retained in urine because of the accumulation of glucose and polyuria (excessiveShow MoreRelatedAnabolic Steroid Use And Anabolic Steroids1335 Words   |  6 Pagesathletes get so hooked on this so called â€Å"Steroid† ? I’m interested in this question, because that’s the question that truly caught my attention the most and, also keeps me wondering. If people who use it have seen improvement, why do they keep using it. 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